AWOLOWO PART 1: STRATEGIC PORTRAIT CALLED THE ASIAN TIGERS.
"I have rendered services to this country which future historians will regard as imperishable"
Awolowo
(At his trial for treasonable felony trial)
(By Amaso Jack)
...... standing in for future historians
AWO AND MACMILLAN'S WIND OF CHANGE.
British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, spoke in Cape Town, South Africa, on February 3rd 1960.
"He spoke for 50 minutes, ...... "the wind of change is blowing through this continent". By the wind of change, Macmillan meant, of course, the strength of African national consciousness. Nationalism was a fact that policies must respect. There would be no going back. Any other course would strengthen the danger of Africa going communist. "https://www.theguardian.com/theguard…/…/apr/24/greatspeeches
Would this fear of "Africa going communist" added to Awolowo's socialist inclination, have grave consequences on Awolowo, given the fact that socialism is the next door neighbor of communism, the traditional cold war enemy of the capitalist West of which Britain was a major player?
Awolowo set sail on a socialist course; on the hostile capitalist waters of Nigeria, within British sphere of influence, a hostile position to be in at the height of the cold war, when bipolar rivalry between capitalism and Communism was at its worst stage. Then Harold Macmillan's winds of change began to blow, eventually blowing him into prison in Calabar, the terminal point for the stubborn and strong willed, enemies of British imperialism.
If the British used Oba Ovonramwen to make Calabar the location where resistance to British (external) expansionism was purnished, the internal colonialism who took over from where the British stopped, used Awolowo as next major occupant to confirm their "status" of Calabar!
Encyclopedia Britannica put it this way:
"Ovonramwen, also called Overami, (died January 1914, Calabar, Southern Nigeria ... the last independent oba (king) of the 500-year-old kingdom of Benin....the murder of the British acting consul general in January 1897 precipitated a full-scale military expedition, which captured Benin City in February 1897."https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovonramwen.
Karen Mingst, in his book:
"Essentials of international relations" provides this definition of bipolarity: "... description of the international system with two major powers or two groups of states having relatively equal power"
The critical "wind of change" period of the 60s, was when Nigeria along with other African countries got their independence.
..... unlike Oba Ovonramwen, the man outlived Calabar prison, but died a potential!
STRATEGY:
-Definition: "A plan of action designed to achieve a long-term or overall aim." https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/strategy
-Strategy is the essential long-term how, when, where, why, what of vital interest, attained/defined as the sum of tactical objectives that rely on Grand Strategy for sustenance after the goals for which it existed have been attained!
THE STRATEGIC PORTRAIT OF AWOLOWO?
The Strategic portrait of Awolowo is not found in his two imposing statues on the road named after him in Ikeja, the capital city of Lagos, nor is it his portrait on the Nigerian currency (he helped to create) nor is it the numerous pictures and portraits painted of him, nor is it in the university named after him.
The Strategic portrait of Awolowo, from the brush of strategy, on the canvas of history (is by a strange coincidence) the portrait that was never to be, that portrait is....
Awo, the ASIAN TIGER!
Those portraits, monuments memories and memoirs from the perspective of a strategic gallery, they are third rate portraits, the real portrait of the man are the Asian Tigers!
The current state of development of those countries is where Awolowo by his "installed capacity", would have placed Nigeria, sadly that was never to be. From our state in the state of under development, from our status of arrested development, the Asian Tigers are a sad portrait of the capacity of Awolowo, that never was.
By the definition of strategy as provided above, the Asian Tigers are the four Strategic portraits of AWOLOWO.
Simply put, anyone who wants to see the actual portrait of AWOLOWO, should look at the current state of development of those four nations and what they see, is the strategic portrait of AWOLOWO, for the capacity the man carried, is the portrait painted by these four countries!
When our specific state of development as at June 11, 2019 at 1209 hours, Nigerian time, (the specific moment this line was written) is removed from any of the four Asian Tigers, the difference between them and us define our present state of underdevelopment, that becomes our tragic loss of arrested development.
Awolowo is the distance between the Asian Tigers and our present rating as the MINT nations.
"In 2001 the world began talking about the Bric countries - Brazil, Russia, India and China - as potential powerhouses of the world economy. The term was coined by economist Jim O'Neill, who has now identified the "Mint" countries - Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey - as emerging economic giants. Here he explains why". https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25548060
Vital Observation:
Awolowo is not the sole unfinished portrait in the gallery of the Asian Tigers, there exists in the South East of Nigeria a people with a proven depth of capacity, who lost a war but rose from the proverbial "zero" to "hero", heroes of SME, like the East that Japan who lost WW2, they are an economic miracle.
THE ASIAN TIGERS
It took Japan's 1945 defeat, to become the soil from where the Asian Tigers sprouted. For Awolowo, the closest attempt at defeating his "comparative Japan", without his knowledge or agreement ran aground on January 15, 1966, after Nzeogwu tried but failed to bring him to power.
Retired Major General Olufemi Olutoye put it this way, in an interview with the Punch, that captured it this way:
"1966 coup plotters planned to make Awolowo Head of State — Olutoye" https://www.google.com/…/1966-coup-plotters-planned-ma…/amp/
.....but there was a second attempt under Gowon that got drown with his June 13, 1971 resignation....there was to be no other chance, he ended up a potential of his actual worth, aptly defined by one of his several biagraphers this way:
"Awo Unfinished Greatness"
THE FOUR NATION PORTRAIT
The four "nation portrait" whose existence capture the installed capacity of Awolowo, (the potential that was never to be) are:
• Hong Kong
• Singapore
• South Korea
• Taiwan.
"The Four Asian Tigers are the high-growth economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. Fueled by exports and rapid industrialization, the Four Asian Tigers have consistently maintained high levels of economic growth since the 1960s, and have collectively joined the ranks of the world's wealthiest nations." https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/four-asian-tigers.asp
SINGAPORE'S LEE KUAN YEW: Effective power duration 1959-1990.
Singapore: "Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore's first prime minister who died this week. He was in office from 1959 to 1990"
https://www.bbc.com/news/business-32028693.
Singapore is the only Southeast Asian country in the Asian Tigers.
South East Asia
"Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China and Japan, east of India, west of Papua New Guinea, and north of Australia." Wikipedia
Japan Britain and Singapore.
"The fall of Singapore to the Japanese Army on February 15th 1942 is considered one of the greatest defeats in the history of the British Army and probably Britain’s worst defeat in World War Two" https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/…/the-fall-of-singap…/
SOUTH KOREA'S PARK CHUNG HEE: Effective power duration 1961-1979.
Michael J. Seth, under the title:
"South Korea’s Economic Development, 1948–1996" wrote:
"..from 1961 to 1996, South Korea underwent a period of rapid economic development, during which it was transformed into a prosperous, industrial society. During these years, its economic growth rates were among the highest in the world. Under the military government of Park Chung Hee (Pak Chǒng-hǔi), which came to power in 1961, the state gave priority to economic development, focusing on a combination of state planning and private entrepreneurship" https://oxfordre.com/…/9780190…/acrefore-9780190277727-e-271
The defeat of Japan in 1945 led to the liberation of Korea from Japan, that dominated Korea between 1910 and 1945. The cold war rivalry between Communist China and Capitalist US, led to the Korean War of the 1950s and partitioning of the country along the 38th parallel.
Observation: North Korea's offensive behavior of firing missiles within the proximity of Japan has a historical perspective! within the context of retaliation) understood within the context of Japanese occupation.
HONG KONG
Catherine R. Schenk's portrait of Hong Kong, titled: "Economic History of Hong Kong"
captured it this way:
"Hong Kong’s industry was founded in the textile sector in the 1950s before gradually diversifying in the 1960s to clothing, electronics, plastics and other labor-intensive production mainly for export.....industrialization was accompanied by increasing numbers of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME)..... until the late 1960s, the government did not engage in active industrial planning....The government also pursued an ambitious public education program, creating over 300,000 new primary school places between 1954 and 1961....By 1966, 99.8% of school-age children were attending primary school, although free universal primary school was not provided until 1971...... from 1978 the government offered compulsory free education for all children up to the age of 15."
https://eh.net/encyclopedia/economic-history-of-hong-kong/
(Catherine R. Schenk, is of the University of Glasgow)
A brief history
History.com provides the following insight:
"In 1898, Britain was granted an additional 99 years of rule over Hong Kong under the Second Convention of Peking. In September 1984, after years of negotiations, the British and the Chinese signed a formal agreement approving the 1997 turnover of the island in exchange for a Chinese pledge to preserve Hong Kong’s capitalist system. On July 1, 1997, Hong Kong was peaceably handed over to China"https://www.google.com/…/this-d…/hong-kong-returned-to-china
TAIWAN
Daniel Runde in his May 26, 2015 article:
"Taiwan Is A Model Of Freedom And Prosperity" wrote for Forbes , the following:
"Taiwan offers one of the great models of modern economic and political development. In 1960 Taiwan had GDP per capita and human development levels that placed it among the least developed countries in the world. Subsequent decades saw economic growth and industrialization that not only transformed Taiwan into one of Asia’s tiger economies....Taiwan’s success—from an underdeveloped and resource poor island, to a regional economic powerhouse with a multiparty democratic system—comes from its national commitment to investing in its people....This success did not come without some help. From 1950-1965, U.S. foreign assistance to Taiwan averaged 6.5 percent of Taiwan’s GDP....By the 1970’s, Taiwan had joined South Korea and Japan as Asian economic dynamos whose reconstructions were underwritten by the United States." https://www.google.com/…/taiwan-development-model-free…/amp/
"The Taiwan Miracle....... or Taiwan Economic Miracle refers to the rapid industrialization and economic growth of Taiwan during the latter half of the twentieth century. As it has developed alongside Singapore, South Korea and Hong Kong, Taiwan became known as one of the "Four Asian Tigers". https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Miracle
Lawrence J. Lau, Stanford University, wrote
• Taiwan is one of the first “Newly Industrialized Economies” (NIEs) in East Asia.
• Taiwan began its industrialization drive after Hong Kong and before South Korea as a result of rising wage rates in Japan, and subsequently Hong Kong, and quota restrictions imposed by the U.S. and subsequently Europe on textile exports." 021004.PDF
ASIAN TIGERS: THEIR STRATEGIC EVOLUTION
Observation: Strategy when decomposed consists of objectives excuted as tactic. Strategy is a flow from Strategic level of leadership, through Operational level of leadership to Tactical levels of leadership
Strategic planning induced the operational and tactical details that were deployed to induce the decimation of the Japanese Sphere of Influence over South East Asia, for the Asian Tigers to rise within the post cold war bipolar order of Communism against Capitalism, the world order Awolowo found himself in.
History as distinct from strategy. History is the timeline, with storyline of the timeline of the storyline.
While Singapore had a strong dictatorial personality called "Lee Kuan Yew, and South Korea had another strong dictatorial personality in General Park Chung Hee that facilitated their development, Hong Kong's and Taiwanese development were the product of a systems that were connected with the capitalist West.....Awolowo was an orphan
PAINT BRUSHES OF THE STRATEGIC PORTRAIT CALLED AWO THE MISSING ASIAN TIGER.
If the Asian Tigers were the destination, Awo took a filght step, but never arrived
• (1) POWER OF DOCUMENTATION: THE EVIDENCE OF AWOLOWO'S FIRST STEP TO ASIAN TIGERS.
• (2) DOCTRINE OF FEDERALISM: THE EVIDENCE OF AWOLOWO'S SECOND STEP TO ASIAN TIGERS.
• (3) KNOWLEDGE OF VITAL INTEREST : THE EVIDENCE OF AWOLOWO'S THIRD STEP TO ASIAN TIGERS.
• (4) DOCTRINE: THE EVIDENCE OF AWOLOWO'S FORTH STEP TO ASIAN TIGERS.
• (5) CONSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE :THE EVIDENCE OF AWOLOWO'S FIFTH STEP TO ASIAN TIGERS.
• (6) GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE :THE EVIDENCE OF AWOLOWO'S SIXTH STEP TO ASIAN TIGERS.
• (7) STRATEGIC PLANNING :THE EVIDENCE OF AWOLOWO'S SEVENTH STEP TO ASIAN TIGERS.
Continues
"I have rendered services to this country which future historians will regard as imperishable"
Awolowo
(At his trial for treasonable felony trial)
(By Amaso Jack)
...... standing in for future historians
AWO AND MACMILLAN'S WIND OF CHANGE.
British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, spoke in Cape Town, South Africa, on February 3rd 1960.
"He spoke for 50 minutes, ...... "the wind of change is blowing through this continent". By the wind of change, Macmillan meant, of course, the strength of African national consciousness. Nationalism was a fact that policies must respect. There would be no going back. Any other course would strengthen the danger of Africa going communist. "https://www.theguardian.com/theguard…/…/apr/24/greatspeeches
Would this fear of "Africa going communist" added to Awolowo's socialist inclination, have grave consequences on Awolowo, given the fact that socialism is the next door neighbor of communism, the traditional cold war enemy of the capitalist West of which Britain was a major player?
Awolowo set sail on a socialist course; on the hostile capitalist waters of Nigeria, within British sphere of influence, a hostile position to be in at the height of the cold war, when bipolar rivalry between capitalism and Communism was at its worst stage. Then Harold Macmillan's winds of change began to blow, eventually blowing him into prison in Calabar, the terminal point for the stubborn and strong willed, enemies of British imperialism.
If the British used Oba Ovonramwen to make Calabar the location where resistance to British (external) expansionism was purnished, the internal colonialism who took over from where the British stopped, used Awolowo as next major occupant to confirm their "status" of Calabar!
Encyclopedia Britannica put it this way:
"Ovonramwen, also called Overami, (died January 1914, Calabar, Southern Nigeria ... the last independent oba (king) of the 500-year-old kingdom of Benin....the murder of the British acting consul general in January 1897 precipitated a full-scale military expedition, which captured Benin City in February 1897."https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovonramwen.
Karen Mingst, in his book:
"Essentials of international relations" provides this definition of bipolarity: "... description of the international system with two major powers or two groups of states having relatively equal power"
The critical "wind of change" period of the 60s, was when Nigeria along with other African countries got their independence.
..... unlike Oba Ovonramwen, the man outlived Calabar prison, but died a potential!
STRATEGY:
-Definition: "A plan of action designed to achieve a long-term or overall aim." https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/strategy
-Strategy is the essential long-term how, when, where, why, what of vital interest, attained/defined as the sum of tactical objectives that rely on Grand Strategy for sustenance after the goals for which it existed have been attained!
THE STRATEGIC PORTRAIT OF AWOLOWO?
The Strategic portrait of Awolowo is not found in his two imposing statues on the road named after him in Ikeja, the capital city of Lagos, nor is it his portrait on the Nigerian currency (he helped to create) nor is it the numerous pictures and portraits painted of him, nor is it in the university named after him.
The Strategic portrait of Awolowo, from the brush of strategy, on the canvas of history (is by a strange coincidence) the portrait that was never to be, that portrait is....
Awo, the ASIAN TIGER!
Those portraits, monuments memories and memoirs from the perspective of a strategic gallery, they are third rate portraits, the real portrait of the man are the Asian Tigers!
The current state of development of those countries is where Awolowo by his "installed capacity", would have placed Nigeria, sadly that was never to be. From our state in the state of under development, from our status of arrested development, the Asian Tigers are a sad portrait of the capacity of Awolowo, that never was.
By the definition of strategy as provided above, the Asian Tigers are the four Strategic portraits of AWOLOWO.
Simply put, anyone who wants to see the actual portrait of AWOLOWO, should look at the current state of development of those four nations and what they see, is the strategic portrait of AWOLOWO, for the capacity the man carried, is the portrait painted by these four countries!
When our specific state of development as at June 11, 2019 at 1209 hours, Nigerian time, (the specific moment this line was written) is removed from any of the four Asian Tigers, the difference between them and us define our present state of underdevelopment, that becomes our tragic loss of arrested development.
Awolowo is the distance between the Asian Tigers and our present rating as the MINT nations.
"In 2001 the world began talking about the Bric countries - Brazil, Russia, India and China - as potential powerhouses of the world economy. The term was coined by economist Jim O'Neill, who has now identified the "Mint" countries - Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey - as emerging economic giants. Here he explains why". https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25548060
Vital Observation:
Awolowo is not the sole unfinished portrait in the gallery of the Asian Tigers, there exists in the South East of Nigeria a people with a proven depth of capacity, who lost a war but rose from the proverbial "zero" to "hero", heroes of SME, like the East that Japan who lost WW2, they are an economic miracle.
THE ASIAN TIGERS
It took Japan's 1945 defeat, to become the soil from where the Asian Tigers sprouted. For Awolowo, the closest attempt at defeating his "comparative Japan", without his knowledge or agreement ran aground on January 15, 1966, after Nzeogwu tried but failed to bring him to power.
Retired Major General Olufemi Olutoye put it this way, in an interview with the Punch, that captured it this way:
"1966 coup plotters planned to make Awolowo Head of State — Olutoye" https://www.google.com/…/1966-coup-plotters-planned-ma…/amp/
.....but there was a second attempt under Gowon that got drown with his June 13, 1971 resignation....there was to be no other chance, he ended up a potential of his actual worth, aptly defined by one of his several biagraphers this way:
"Awo Unfinished Greatness"
THE FOUR NATION PORTRAIT
The four "nation portrait" whose existence capture the installed capacity of Awolowo, (the potential that was never to be) are:
• Hong Kong
• Singapore
• South Korea
• Taiwan.
"The Four Asian Tigers are the high-growth economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. Fueled by exports and rapid industrialization, the Four Asian Tigers have consistently maintained high levels of economic growth since the 1960s, and have collectively joined the ranks of the world's wealthiest nations." https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/four-asian-tigers.asp
SINGAPORE'S LEE KUAN YEW: Effective power duration 1959-1990.
Singapore: "Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore's first prime minister who died this week. He was in office from 1959 to 1990"
https://www.bbc.com/news/business-32028693.
Singapore is the only Southeast Asian country in the Asian Tigers.
South East Asia
"Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China and Japan, east of India, west of Papua New Guinea, and north of Australia." Wikipedia
Japan Britain and Singapore.
"The fall of Singapore to the Japanese Army on February 15th 1942 is considered one of the greatest defeats in the history of the British Army and probably Britain’s worst defeat in World War Two" https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/…/the-fall-of-singap…/
SOUTH KOREA'S PARK CHUNG HEE: Effective power duration 1961-1979.
Michael J. Seth, under the title:
"South Korea’s Economic Development, 1948–1996" wrote:
"..from 1961 to 1996, South Korea underwent a period of rapid economic development, during which it was transformed into a prosperous, industrial society. During these years, its economic growth rates were among the highest in the world. Under the military government of Park Chung Hee (Pak Chǒng-hǔi), which came to power in 1961, the state gave priority to economic development, focusing on a combination of state planning and private entrepreneurship" https://oxfordre.com/…/9780190…/acrefore-9780190277727-e-271
The defeat of Japan in 1945 led to the liberation of Korea from Japan, that dominated Korea between 1910 and 1945. The cold war rivalry between Communist China and Capitalist US, led to the Korean War of the 1950s and partitioning of the country along the 38th parallel.
Observation: North Korea's offensive behavior of firing missiles within the proximity of Japan has a historical perspective! within the context of retaliation) understood within the context of Japanese occupation.
HONG KONG
Catherine R. Schenk's portrait of Hong Kong, titled: "Economic History of Hong Kong"
captured it this way:
"Hong Kong’s industry was founded in the textile sector in the 1950s before gradually diversifying in the 1960s to clothing, electronics, plastics and other labor-intensive production mainly for export.....industrialization was accompanied by increasing numbers of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME)..... until the late 1960s, the government did not engage in active industrial planning....The government also pursued an ambitious public education program, creating over 300,000 new primary school places between 1954 and 1961....By 1966, 99.8% of school-age children were attending primary school, although free universal primary school was not provided until 1971...... from 1978 the government offered compulsory free education for all children up to the age of 15."
https://eh.net/encyclopedia/economic-history-of-hong-kong/
(Catherine R. Schenk, is of the University of Glasgow)
A brief history
History.com provides the following insight:
"In 1898, Britain was granted an additional 99 years of rule over Hong Kong under the Second Convention of Peking. In September 1984, after years of negotiations, the British and the Chinese signed a formal agreement approving the 1997 turnover of the island in exchange for a Chinese pledge to preserve Hong Kong’s capitalist system. On July 1, 1997, Hong Kong was peaceably handed over to China"https://www.google.com/…/this-d…/hong-kong-returned-to-china
TAIWAN
Daniel Runde in his May 26, 2015 article:
"Taiwan Is A Model Of Freedom And Prosperity" wrote for Forbes , the following:
"Taiwan offers one of the great models of modern economic and political development. In 1960 Taiwan had GDP per capita and human development levels that placed it among the least developed countries in the world. Subsequent decades saw economic growth and industrialization that not only transformed Taiwan into one of Asia’s tiger economies....Taiwan’s success—from an underdeveloped and resource poor island, to a regional economic powerhouse with a multiparty democratic system—comes from its national commitment to investing in its people....This success did not come without some help. From 1950-1965, U.S. foreign assistance to Taiwan averaged 6.5 percent of Taiwan’s GDP....By the 1970’s, Taiwan had joined South Korea and Japan as Asian economic dynamos whose reconstructions were underwritten by the United States." https://www.google.com/…/taiwan-development-model-free…/amp/
"The Taiwan Miracle....... or Taiwan Economic Miracle refers to the rapid industrialization and economic growth of Taiwan during the latter half of the twentieth century. As it has developed alongside Singapore, South Korea and Hong Kong, Taiwan became known as one of the "Four Asian Tigers". https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Miracle
Lawrence J. Lau, Stanford University, wrote
• Taiwan is one of the first “Newly Industrialized Economies” (NIEs) in East Asia.
• Taiwan began its industrialization drive after Hong Kong and before South Korea as a result of rising wage rates in Japan, and subsequently Hong Kong, and quota restrictions imposed by the U.S. and subsequently Europe on textile exports." 021004.PDF
ASIAN TIGERS: THEIR STRATEGIC EVOLUTION
Observation: Strategy when decomposed consists of objectives excuted as tactic. Strategy is a flow from Strategic level of leadership, through Operational level of leadership to Tactical levels of leadership
Strategic planning induced the operational and tactical details that were deployed to induce the decimation of the Japanese Sphere of Influence over South East Asia, for the Asian Tigers to rise within the post cold war bipolar order of Communism against Capitalism, the world order Awolowo found himself in.
History as distinct from strategy. History is the timeline, with storyline of the timeline of the storyline.
While Singapore had a strong dictatorial personality called "Lee Kuan Yew, and South Korea had another strong dictatorial personality in General Park Chung Hee that facilitated their development, Hong Kong's and Taiwanese development were the product of a systems that were connected with the capitalist West.....Awolowo was an orphan
PAINT BRUSHES OF THE STRATEGIC PORTRAIT CALLED AWO THE MISSING ASIAN TIGER.
If the Asian Tigers were the destination, Awo took a filght step, but never arrived
• (1) POWER OF DOCUMENTATION: THE EVIDENCE OF AWOLOWO'S FIRST STEP TO ASIAN TIGERS.
• (2) DOCTRINE OF FEDERALISM: THE EVIDENCE OF AWOLOWO'S SECOND STEP TO ASIAN TIGERS.
• (3) KNOWLEDGE OF VITAL INTEREST : THE EVIDENCE OF AWOLOWO'S THIRD STEP TO ASIAN TIGERS.
• (4) DOCTRINE: THE EVIDENCE OF AWOLOWO'S FORTH STEP TO ASIAN TIGERS.
• (5) CONSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE :THE EVIDENCE OF AWOLOWO'S FIFTH STEP TO ASIAN TIGERS.
• (6) GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE :THE EVIDENCE OF AWOLOWO'S SIXTH STEP TO ASIAN TIGERS.
• (7) STRATEGIC PLANNING :THE EVIDENCE OF AWOLOWO'S SEVENTH STEP TO ASIAN TIGERS.
Continues
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